Journal of information and communication convergence engineering 2022; 20(3): 143-152
Published online September 30, 2022
https://doi.org/10.56977/jicce.2022.20.3.143
© Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
Correspondence to : *Nasaruddin Nasaruddin (E-mail: nasaruddin@unsyiah.ac.id.)
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The ongoing adoption of 5G will increase the data traffic, throughput, multimedia services, and power consumption for future wireless applications and services, including sensor and mobile networks. Multipath fading on wireless channels also reduces the system performance and increases energy consumption. To address these issues, device-to-device (D2D) and cooperative communications have been proposed. In this study, we propose two inter-clustering models using the relay selection method to improve system performance and increase energy efficiency in cooperative D2D networks. We develop two inter-clustering models and present their respective algorithms. Subsequently, we run a computer simulation to evaluate each model’s outage probability (OP) performance, throughput, and energy efficiency. The simulation results show that inter-clustering model II has the lowest OP, highest throughput, and highest energy efficiency compared with inter-clustering model I and the conventional inter-clustering-based multirelay method. These results demonstrate that inter-clustering model II is well-suited for use in 5G overlay D2D and cellular communications.
Keywords Device-to-device communication, Energy efficiency, Inter-clustering, Relay selection
Cellular communication systems are the world’s most widely used mode of communication. Although already on an expanding trajectory, cellular communication systems received a further boost by the introduction of 5G [1,2]. One future consequence of the ongoing 5G adoption will be a significant bump in the number of active devices. Furthermore, an increase in the number of resources, such as base stations (BSs), to facilitate 5G adoption will increase data traffic, consumption of multimedia services, and throughput. All this will lead to significant increase in energy consumption [3]. Meanwhile, the growing popularity of mobile communication devices has given rise to a phenomenon of multidevice sharing of interactive multimedia services in one particular location [4], which can increase the energy consumption of mobile devices [3]. Consequently, the battery power of the user's device runs out quickly and needs to be recharged frequently. One of the objectives of 5G communication systems is to achieve energy efficiency. Furthermore, if the energy consumption in mobile communication is not promptly reduced, a negative environmental impact cannot be avoided [5].
The 5G technology comes with another major issue: multipath fading, which impairs network performance and increases energy usage [6]. Multipath fading is a major problem in a wireless channel that occurs when a signal is sent through multiple paths from the transmitter to the receiver. The signal undergoes changes during its propagation, resulting in different received signal strengths by the receiver. To fix this issue, device-to-device (D2D) communication and cooperative communication have been developed. Furthermore, the adoption of D2D technology, which allows peer-to-peer (P2P) communication between devices to lower the BS traffic load in one cell, in combination with long-range (LR) and short-range (SR) communication, is one solution to the energy efficiency challenges in mobile communication. In recent times, D2D communication has become a widely researched topic in the domain of long-term evolutionadvance (LTE-A) development. D2D communication allows P2P communication between devices within the cellular frequency range to lower the BS load in a single cell. Therefore, D2D communication enables SR communication without straining the BS. Moreover, this communication scheme can accommodate services, such as multimedia services, that need large amounts of data.
In D2D communication, two user devices communicate directly without passing through a BS [7]. In-band and outband D2Ds are two spectrum types of D2D communication. The key goal of D2D communication is to increase coverage, reduce traffic load, boost spectrum consumption and network capacity, provide ultra-low latency and high bit rates, and improve service quality [8,9]. Because D2D communication occurs between devices that are close to each other, it can meet the requirements of high data rate, network capacity, and energy efficiency. D2D communication can provide such services as content-sharing, multiplayer gaming, and proximity-aware social networking [10].
Cooperative communication systems, meanwhile, use the nature of wireless channels with diversity gained through the relaying method, where a source can send signals to several nearby devices, as relays, to be forwarded to the destination. The receiver can receive multiple replicas of the information signal sent by the source via one or more relays. Replica signals sent from multiple paths simultaneously to the receiver can reduce the effect of multipath fading, thus improving system performance. Similar to D2D communication, cooperative communication also bypasses the need for a BS, thus achieving a more efficient use of resources.
To enhance the energy efficiency and preserve the quality of 5G wireless technology networks, the merging of cooperative systems with D2D is required. Therefore, as the communication technology enters the 5G era, the integration of cooperative communication systems with D2D communication is being widely researched [11]. Cooperative communication systems can select the best relay with good performance and low energy consumption [12,13]. Furthermore, compared with traditional systems, D2D consumes lesser energy. In this study, we propose a clustering-based D2D cooperative communication system to improve system performance and energy efficiency.
Several studies have introduced the concept of D2D clustering, which allows adjacent wireless devices to share shared resources to reduce system bandwidth and energy resources [14]. The D2D clustering incorporates social interactions and physical relationships among terminal users. However, it was not considered the cooperative mechanism in the communication system. Another study focused on clustering in D2D systems to improve throughput [15]. However, it explored only the distribution of nodes in a cluster without using a cooperative mechanism. In addition, a previous study on D2D clustering based on channel design was conducted to improve the user experience in terms of throughput and energy efficiency in 5G networks [16]. Other studies, meanwhile, focused on integrating clustering modes in D2D systems to boost performance, reduce latency, and save energy [17]. However, 5G technology is predicted to improve the performance of wireless network-based infrastructure for a broader range of applications, including Internet of Things (IoT), sensor networks, mobile networks, and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) [18,19]. The D2D cooperative system is one of the best options for meeting these service needs as cooperative D2D allows high throughput, high energy efficiency, broad coverage, and low cost for mobile-to-mobile, sensor-to-sensor, or car-to-car communication [20]. Therefore, this study proposes a D2D cooperative clustering model that uses a relay selection technique to examine the outage probability (OP), throughput, and energy efficiency.
This study offers two inter-clustering cooperative D2D models that use the relay selection method in a cluster to reduce the BS overload and network energy consumption [21]. As D2D cannot completely replace cellular communication and still needs to share data with the BS, the suggested paradigm is a hybrid model that allows D2D and cellular communication to work together. Inter-clustering model I determines which cluster head (CH) is closest to the BS, while the source selects the best relay to deliver information to the CH, which is transferred to another cluster’s CH via the BS. In inter-clustering model II, the source selects the optimal relay to serve as the CH of a cluster, forwarding information to another cluster’s CH through the BS. This study then uses computer modeling to evaluate the OP performance, throughput, and energy efficiency of each model. Finally, the performance simulation results of the proposed models are compared with a conventional clustering model based on multirelay cooperatives. The following is a summary of the contributions of this study.
We propose two D2D cooperative inter-clustering models using the relay selection method.
We provide mathematical analysis for the OP, throughput, and energy efficiency of each proposed D2D cooperative inter-clustering model.
The D2D cooperative clustering system model is considered in a single-cell environment to increase throughput, where each user communicates in dual modes, specifically, D2D and cellular [22]. The proposed D2D inter-clustering network model involves multiple user devices that form a cluster that sends data to the target cluster. D2D cooperative clustering is a network in which a source in a cluster broadcasts information that is then sent to multiple adjacent devices to work together to relay the information to additional relay nodes. As each cluster uses a proactive relay selection approach to maintain its performance and save energy during clustering [23], D2D cooperative clustering is a more efficient method than the reactive relay selection method. This study focuses on two inter-clustering information transmission network models.
Inter-clustering model I is a D2D cooperative clustering method that uses a proactive relay selection method in a cellular communication network, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The source of each cluster sends training bits in parallel to many relays to create a multirelay network. At this point, one of the relays is selected as the best relay using the max-min criterion [24]. This information is then sent from the source to the best relay and forwarded to the cluster head. It is assumed that the cluster head closest to the BS is known. The cluster head then sends the information to the BS and forwards it to another cluster head as the destination. After selecting the best relay, the transmission of this information corresponds to the concept of a D2D multihop. Therefore, inter-clustering model I adopts the idea of multirelay and multihop D2D networks in cooperative communication systems.
Technically, the process of sending information in interclustering model I progresses in the following steps:
The source sends the training bit (
where
Each relay
where
Based on the estimated value of
The source sends an information signal (
where
In this study, the relay used was the amplify-andforward (AF) protocol, and the signal received by the relay was amplified as follows [26]:
where
The best relay sends data to CH
where
Cluster head
where
The BS passes information to the cluster head on another cluster as a destination, and is expressed as follows:
where
The computer simulation for inter-clustering model I was conducted using MATLAB. Based on the aforementioned steps, inter-clustering model I can be stated in the form of the following algorithm:
Inter-clustering D2D Model I
|
Inter-clustering model II uses a cellular network similar to model I. However, the relay selection process determines the best relay for the cluster head. In other words, multiple users form a cluster and the source chooses the best relay criteria for selecting the cluster head. Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 2, inter-clustering model II consists of multiple clusters in a cellular network. A cluster contains a large number of users acting as sources and multiple relays selected as cluster heads using the proactive relay-selection technique. After the cluster head selection process, the source provides the cluster head with information that is sent to the BS and cluster head destinations of other clusters. Therefore, inter-clustering model II requires fewer processes to transfer information from one cluster to the target cluster.
Inter-clustering model II progresses in the following steps:
The first and second steps are the same as in model I; namely, the source sends training bits (
Relay (
Based on the estimated value of
The source sends information (
where
where PCH is the power of the CH.
The cluster head then forwards the information to the BS, which can be expressed as in Eq. (7).
Next, the BS transmits information to other cluster head destinations, which can be expressed as in Eq. (8).
Inter-clustering model II was simulated using MATLAB programming, and based on the aforementioned steps, interclustering model II can be stated in the form of the following algorithm:
Inter-clustering D2D Model II
|
OP indicates the overall service quality of the system and is an important parameter in wireless communication networks. The probability that the SNR value at the destination falls below a preset threshold value was used to calculate the OP. OP (
where γ is the SNR of the system, and γth, γ
Throughput, another important performance factors of communication systems, is calculated based on the amount of data transferred over a specified distance and time (bits per second (bps)). The higher the achievable throughput, the higher the transmission-link quality, and vice versa.
In both models, the throughput (
where
To obtain the energy efficiency of each proposed model, we first calculated the energy consumption of each model. Next, we compared the energy consumption of each model with the conventional energy consumption, that is, a model that does not use relay selection. For example, the energy consumption of inter-clustering model I is as follows:
where
where
The power consumption for sending data bits from the
where is
The power consumption for sending data bits from the CH to the BS is
where
where
The following equation is used to calculate the total energy consumption in inter-clustering model II:
where
where
The energy consumption for a system without relay selection (RS) or conventional multirelay clustering can be calculated as follows:
where the definition of each variable has been defined in the previous equation.
Based on Eqs. (14), (19), and (21), the energy efficiency for each model can be written as
and
This section presents the simulation results for the two proposed D2D cooperative inter-clustering models using relay selection strategies in terms of the OP performance, throughput, and energy efficiency. A comparison of the two models with the traditional multirelay-based D2D clustering model is also presented. The simulation considers several parameters such as the LTE-A maximum data rate of 450 Mbps [28], maximum distance for D2D communication of 200 m [29], maximum transmit power of 0.5 W [12], exponential path loss of 2.5, and the 16-QAM modulation technique (which is a commonly used modulation type in 5G technology) [30].
Based on the analysis in the previous section, simulations were performed to calculate the OP of each proposed model in both inter-clustering and conventional clustering models based on multiple relays. As shown in Fig. 3, the OP was first simulated against the transmit power. According to the D2D communication standard [12], the maximum transmit power is 0.5 W. Simulation results for the three models, compared to inter-clustering I and conventional clustering networks, show that the proposed inter-clustering II produces the lowest OP. Thus, inter-clustering II has better OP performance because it has a lower information transmission error rate, supported by good link channel conditions. In the intercluster II model, the source transmits information directly to the cluster head selected as the best relay, minimizing link transmission errors.
In short, the first model provides the source with many opportunities to choose the best cluster head with a high signal- to-noise ratio and improves the success rate of sending data to the destination. However, in the inter-clustering I model, the source delivers information to the best relay, which then forwards it to a predetermined cluster head, allowing channel conditions, particularly the resulting SNR value, to fall below the threshold, resulting in an outage condition. Similarly, in conventional systems, where the source sends information to numerous adjacent relays to be relayed to the cluster head, the chance of outage conditions is greater because the SNR value is not estimated beforehand, as in the inter-clustering model utilizing the relay selection technique. The OP obtained by the three clustering network models shows that the OP decreases as the transmission power increases. In contrast, the proposed inter-clustering II model has the smallest or best OP. For each conventional D2D clustering network, when the maximum transmit power is 0.5, as in the proposed models I and II, the outage probabilities are 1.7×10−5, 1.5×10−5, and 1.2×10−5, respectively.
Then, given the transmission distance, an OP simulation was run, and the simulation results are presented in Fig. 4. According to [29], the maximum link distance for D2D is 200 m. The simulation findings reveal that as the distance between the D2D links increases, the probability of an outage increases. This is because the signal quality decreases as the distance increases or the SNR value decreases, resulting in an increase in link outage conditions. However, the proposed inter-clustering I and conventional systems have higher OP values than the proposed inter-clustering II system.
Throughput is the data transfer speed over network transmission media, with a peak data rate of 450 Mbps for LTE-A mobile devices [28]. Computer simulations were conducted to determine the throughput for the three D2D clustering network models using Eq. (13), considering the transmission power and link distance. Figure 5 shows the throughput simulation results for the power transmission in each D2D clustering model. In general, the simulation results show that throughput increases as the signal power increases because the signal quality improves, and the transmission error rate and outage conditions are small. The proposed inter-clustering model I had a better throughput than the other two D2D clustering network models. With a transmit power of 0.25 W, the throughputs of the proposed inter-clustering models I and II and the standard network model are 449.92, 449.98, and 449.90 Mbps, respectively. Based on the results of this simulation, the proposed inter-clustering cooperative D2D model II provides the highest throughput compared with the proposed inter-clustering model I and conventional clustering networks. The proposed inter-clustering model II can achieve 99.86% of the maximum data rate of 450 Mbps in terms of throughput.
The results of throughput against distance were also simulated, as shown in Fig. 6. The simulation results show that as the channel condition worsens, the longer the link distance, the lower the throughput, and as a result, the higher the transmission error rate. The proposed D2D inter-clustering models I and II and the conventional models achieved data throughputs of 449.915, 449.93, and 449.905 Mbps, respectively, over a transmission link distance of 200 m.
Energy efficiency was calculated by comparing the energy consumption of the proposed inter-clustering cooperative D2D models I and II to the energy consumption of the conventional multirelay-based D2D clustering system as a reference. As a result, computer simulations are run by computing the energy consumption in Eqs. (14), (19), and (21), respectively. Subsequently, Eqs. (22) and (23) simulate the energy efficiency for proposed models I and II, respectively. Finally, Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate the energy efficiency simulation results for proposed inter-clustering models I and II.
Figure 7 depicts the energy efficiency of the proposed interclustering cooperative D2D models I and II, with an average energy efficiencies of 36.5% and 54.2%, respectively, compared with the conventional model. Although the improved transmit power improved energy efficiency, it was not significant in either of the proposed models. However, the proposed inter-clustering cooperative D2D model II is more energy-efficient than the proposed D2D cooperative clustering model I. The network model affects the system’s energy consumption because transmitting information from the relay to the destination is not forwarded by all relay nodes, but by the best relay node selected before the information is forwarded to the destination. It is generally believed that the greater the distance between the source and destination, the more energy is consumed, and vice versa.
Figure 8 depicts the simulation results of energy efficiency vs. distance for the two proposed models. The distance is expressed as a ratio, indicating that the longer the transmission distance, the higher is the energy consumption of both models. However, inter-clustering model II is more energyefficient than inter-clustering model I because the source selects the optimal relay as the CH in forwarding information to the destination, thereby reducing the energy consumption in the network. However, inter-clustering model I requires more energy because the source transmits data to several neighboring relays to determine which relay is the best information forwarder to the CH. According to simulation results, the inter-clustering model II can save 10% energy compared to the inter-clustering model I at a distance ratio of 0.5. Inter-clustering Model II is the most energy-efficient and provides the highest throughput performance. Therefore, this model is well-suited for use in 5G overlay D2D and cellular communication systems.
We proposed two inter-clustering models using the proactive relay selection method in cooperative D2D networks and presented their corresponding algorithms. We then conducted a computer simulation to evaluate the OP performance, throughput, and energy efficiency of each proposed cooperative inter-cluster D2D model. Simulation results demonstrated that inter-clustering model II was supported by good link channel conditions and showed a low information transmission error rate. As a result, inter-clustering model II produced the lowest OP and highest throughput compared with inter-clustering model I and conventional clustering networks. Furthermore, inter-clustering model II was found to be more energy-efficient than inter-clustering model I because the source selects the optimal relay as the cluster head in forwarding information to the destination, thereby reducing energy consumption. Overall, inter-clustering model II improved OP performance by approximately 20%, increased throughput by 80 Kbps, and save 10% more energy compared with inter-clustering model I. These results demonstrate that interclustering model II is well suited for 5G overlay D2D and cellular communication systems.
This work is a continuation part of the fundamental research scheme supported by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education Indonesia in 2020.
was born in Dayah Leubue, Pidie Jaya, on April 2, 1974. He received his B.Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia in 1997. Subsequently, he received his M. Eng and D. Eng in Physical Electronics and Informatics, the Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Japan, in 2006 and 2009, respectively. He is a full professor at Electrical Engineering Department, Syiah Kuala University. His research interests include digital communications, information theory, and computer and communication networks. Previously, he was head of the master of Electrical Engineering Programme; the graduate school of Syiah Kuala University. He has also been head of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Syiah Kuala University. Currently, he is head of the Distribution System and High-Performance Computing Laboratory, Syiah Kuala University.
was born in Sikabu, Kuala Batee-Aceh Barat Daya, on June 15, 1991. She received her B.Eng degree in Electrical Engineering from Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia in 2013. Then she received her Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Universitas Syiah Kuala in 2020 through the “Magister Program of Education Leading to Doctoral for Excellent Graduates (PMDSU)” scholarship from the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia. Since 2016, she has published about 7 articles, of which are 4 articles on Scopus Indexed Journals and 3 articles on the Proceedings of the IEEE. She is currently a lecturer in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Universitas Syiah Kuala. Her research interests include digital communications, wireless communications, and information theory.
was born in Banda Aceh, on January 30, 1979. Graduated with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering Department of Universitas Syiah Kuala in 2003. In 2009 he completed his master’s program in Computer Science and Information Engineering, at the University of Asia-Taiwan. Then in 2015 completed Doctoral degree in Computer Science and Information Engineering, at the University of Asia-Taiwan, since 2005 he served as a lecturer at the Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Universitas Syiah Kuala. He has research focuses on optimization, algorithms, multi-agent systems, network security, the internet of things, and intelligent transportation systems.
Journal of information and communication convergence engineering 2022; 20(3): 143-152
Published online September 30, 2022 https://doi.org/10.56977/jicce.2022.20.3.143
Copyright © Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering.
Nasaruddin Nasaruddin 1,2*, Yunida Yunida
1, and Ramzi Adriman1,2
1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
2Telematics Research Center (TRC), Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
Correspondence to:*Nasaruddin Nasaruddin (E-mail: nasaruddin@unsyiah.ac.id.)
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The ongoing adoption of 5G will increase the data traffic, throughput, multimedia services, and power consumption for future wireless applications and services, including sensor and mobile networks. Multipath fading on wireless channels also reduces the system performance and increases energy consumption. To address these issues, device-to-device (D2D) and cooperative communications have been proposed. In this study, we propose two inter-clustering models using the relay selection method to improve system performance and increase energy efficiency in cooperative D2D networks. We develop two inter-clustering models and present their respective algorithms. Subsequently, we run a computer simulation to evaluate each model’s outage probability (OP) performance, throughput, and energy efficiency. The simulation results show that inter-clustering model II has the lowest OP, highest throughput, and highest energy efficiency compared with inter-clustering model I and the conventional inter-clustering-based multirelay method. These results demonstrate that inter-clustering model II is well-suited for use in 5G overlay D2D and cellular communications.
Keywords: Device-to-device communication, Energy efficiency, Inter-clustering, Relay selection
Cellular communication systems are the world’s most widely used mode of communication. Although already on an expanding trajectory, cellular communication systems received a further boost by the introduction of 5G [1,2]. One future consequence of the ongoing 5G adoption will be a significant bump in the number of active devices. Furthermore, an increase in the number of resources, such as base stations (BSs), to facilitate 5G adoption will increase data traffic, consumption of multimedia services, and throughput. All this will lead to significant increase in energy consumption [3]. Meanwhile, the growing popularity of mobile communication devices has given rise to a phenomenon of multidevice sharing of interactive multimedia services in one particular location [4], which can increase the energy consumption of mobile devices [3]. Consequently, the battery power of the user's device runs out quickly and needs to be recharged frequently. One of the objectives of 5G communication systems is to achieve energy efficiency. Furthermore, if the energy consumption in mobile communication is not promptly reduced, a negative environmental impact cannot be avoided [5].
The 5G technology comes with another major issue: multipath fading, which impairs network performance and increases energy usage [6]. Multipath fading is a major problem in a wireless channel that occurs when a signal is sent through multiple paths from the transmitter to the receiver. The signal undergoes changes during its propagation, resulting in different received signal strengths by the receiver. To fix this issue, device-to-device (D2D) communication and cooperative communication have been developed. Furthermore, the adoption of D2D technology, which allows peer-to-peer (P2P) communication between devices to lower the BS traffic load in one cell, in combination with long-range (LR) and short-range (SR) communication, is one solution to the energy efficiency challenges in mobile communication. In recent times, D2D communication has become a widely researched topic in the domain of long-term evolutionadvance (LTE-A) development. D2D communication allows P2P communication between devices within the cellular frequency range to lower the BS load in a single cell. Therefore, D2D communication enables SR communication without straining the BS. Moreover, this communication scheme can accommodate services, such as multimedia services, that need large amounts of data.
In D2D communication, two user devices communicate directly without passing through a BS [7]. In-band and outband D2Ds are two spectrum types of D2D communication. The key goal of D2D communication is to increase coverage, reduce traffic load, boost spectrum consumption and network capacity, provide ultra-low latency and high bit rates, and improve service quality [8,9]. Because D2D communication occurs between devices that are close to each other, it can meet the requirements of high data rate, network capacity, and energy efficiency. D2D communication can provide such services as content-sharing, multiplayer gaming, and proximity-aware social networking [10].
Cooperative communication systems, meanwhile, use the nature of wireless channels with diversity gained through the relaying method, where a source can send signals to several nearby devices, as relays, to be forwarded to the destination. The receiver can receive multiple replicas of the information signal sent by the source via one or more relays. Replica signals sent from multiple paths simultaneously to the receiver can reduce the effect of multipath fading, thus improving system performance. Similar to D2D communication, cooperative communication also bypasses the need for a BS, thus achieving a more efficient use of resources.
To enhance the energy efficiency and preserve the quality of 5G wireless technology networks, the merging of cooperative systems with D2D is required. Therefore, as the communication technology enters the 5G era, the integration of cooperative communication systems with D2D communication is being widely researched [11]. Cooperative communication systems can select the best relay with good performance and low energy consumption [12,13]. Furthermore, compared with traditional systems, D2D consumes lesser energy. In this study, we propose a clustering-based D2D cooperative communication system to improve system performance and energy efficiency.
Several studies have introduced the concept of D2D clustering, which allows adjacent wireless devices to share shared resources to reduce system bandwidth and energy resources [14]. The D2D clustering incorporates social interactions and physical relationships among terminal users. However, it was not considered the cooperative mechanism in the communication system. Another study focused on clustering in D2D systems to improve throughput [15]. However, it explored only the distribution of nodes in a cluster without using a cooperative mechanism. In addition, a previous study on D2D clustering based on channel design was conducted to improve the user experience in terms of throughput and energy efficiency in 5G networks [16]. Other studies, meanwhile, focused on integrating clustering modes in D2D systems to boost performance, reduce latency, and save energy [17]. However, 5G technology is predicted to improve the performance of wireless network-based infrastructure for a broader range of applications, including Internet of Things (IoT), sensor networks, mobile networks, and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) [18,19]. The D2D cooperative system is one of the best options for meeting these service needs as cooperative D2D allows high throughput, high energy efficiency, broad coverage, and low cost for mobile-to-mobile, sensor-to-sensor, or car-to-car communication [20]. Therefore, this study proposes a D2D cooperative clustering model that uses a relay selection technique to examine the outage probability (OP), throughput, and energy efficiency.
This study offers two inter-clustering cooperative D2D models that use the relay selection method in a cluster to reduce the BS overload and network energy consumption [21]. As D2D cannot completely replace cellular communication and still needs to share data with the BS, the suggested paradigm is a hybrid model that allows D2D and cellular communication to work together. Inter-clustering model I determines which cluster head (CH) is closest to the BS, while the source selects the best relay to deliver information to the CH, which is transferred to another cluster’s CH via the BS. In inter-clustering model II, the source selects the optimal relay to serve as the CH of a cluster, forwarding information to another cluster’s CH through the BS. This study then uses computer modeling to evaluate the OP performance, throughput, and energy efficiency of each model. Finally, the performance simulation results of the proposed models are compared with a conventional clustering model based on multirelay cooperatives. The following is a summary of the contributions of this study.
We propose two D2D cooperative inter-clustering models using the relay selection method.
We provide mathematical analysis for the OP, throughput, and energy efficiency of each proposed D2D cooperative inter-clustering model.
The D2D cooperative clustering system model is considered in a single-cell environment to increase throughput, where each user communicates in dual modes, specifically, D2D and cellular [22]. The proposed D2D inter-clustering network model involves multiple user devices that form a cluster that sends data to the target cluster. D2D cooperative clustering is a network in which a source in a cluster broadcasts information that is then sent to multiple adjacent devices to work together to relay the information to additional relay nodes. As each cluster uses a proactive relay selection approach to maintain its performance and save energy during clustering [23], D2D cooperative clustering is a more efficient method than the reactive relay selection method. This study focuses on two inter-clustering information transmission network models.
Inter-clustering model I is a D2D cooperative clustering method that uses a proactive relay selection method in a cellular communication network, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The source of each cluster sends training bits in parallel to many relays to create a multirelay network. At this point, one of the relays is selected as the best relay using the max-min criterion [24]. This information is then sent from the source to the best relay and forwarded to the cluster head. It is assumed that the cluster head closest to the BS is known. The cluster head then sends the information to the BS and forwards it to another cluster head as the destination. After selecting the best relay, the transmission of this information corresponds to the concept of a D2D multihop. Therefore, inter-clustering model I adopts the idea of multirelay and multihop D2D networks in cooperative communication systems.
Technically, the process of sending information in interclustering model I progresses in the following steps:
The source sends the training bit (
where
Each relay
where
Based on the estimated value of
The source sends an information signal (
where
In this study, the relay used was the amplify-andforward (AF) protocol, and the signal received by the relay was amplified as follows [26]:
where
The best relay sends data to CH
where
Cluster head
where
The BS passes information to the cluster head on another cluster as a destination, and is expressed as follows:
where
The computer simulation for inter-clustering model I was conducted using MATLAB. Based on the aforementioned steps, inter-clustering model I can be stated in the form of the following algorithm:
Inter-clustering D2D Model I
|
Inter-clustering model II uses a cellular network similar to model I. However, the relay selection process determines the best relay for the cluster head. In other words, multiple users form a cluster and the source chooses the best relay criteria for selecting the cluster head. Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 2, inter-clustering model II consists of multiple clusters in a cellular network. A cluster contains a large number of users acting as sources and multiple relays selected as cluster heads using the proactive relay-selection technique. After the cluster head selection process, the source provides the cluster head with information that is sent to the BS and cluster head destinations of other clusters. Therefore, inter-clustering model II requires fewer processes to transfer information from one cluster to the target cluster.
Inter-clustering model II progresses in the following steps:
The first and second steps are the same as in model I; namely, the source sends training bits (
Relay (
Based on the estimated value of
The source sends information (
where
where PCH is the power of the CH.
The cluster head then forwards the information to the BS, which can be expressed as in Eq. (7).
Next, the BS transmits information to other cluster head destinations, which can be expressed as in Eq. (8).
Inter-clustering model II was simulated using MATLAB programming, and based on the aforementioned steps, interclustering model II can be stated in the form of the following algorithm:
Inter-clustering D2D Model II
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OP indicates the overall service quality of the system and is an important parameter in wireless communication networks. The probability that the SNR value at the destination falls below a preset threshold value was used to calculate the OP. OP (
where γ is the SNR of the system, and γth, γ
Throughput, another important performance factors of communication systems, is calculated based on the amount of data transferred over a specified distance and time (bits per second (bps)). The higher the achievable throughput, the higher the transmission-link quality, and vice versa.
In both models, the throughput (
where
To obtain the energy efficiency of each proposed model, we first calculated the energy consumption of each model. Next, we compared the energy consumption of each model with the conventional energy consumption, that is, a model that does not use relay selection. For example, the energy consumption of inter-clustering model I is as follows:
where
where
The power consumption for sending data bits from the
where is
The power consumption for sending data bits from the CH to the BS is
where
where
The following equation is used to calculate the total energy consumption in inter-clustering model II:
where
where
The energy consumption for a system without relay selection (RS) or conventional multirelay clustering can be calculated as follows:
where the definition of each variable has been defined in the previous equation.
Based on Eqs. (14), (19), and (21), the energy efficiency for each model can be written as
and
This section presents the simulation results for the two proposed D2D cooperative inter-clustering models using relay selection strategies in terms of the OP performance, throughput, and energy efficiency. A comparison of the two models with the traditional multirelay-based D2D clustering model is also presented. The simulation considers several parameters such as the LTE-A maximum data rate of 450 Mbps [28], maximum distance for D2D communication of 200 m [29], maximum transmit power of 0.5 W [12], exponential path loss of 2.5, and the 16-QAM modulation technique (which is a commonly used modulation type in 5G technology) [30].
Based on the analysis in the previous section, simulations were performed to calculate the OP of each proposed model in both inter-clustering and conventional clustering models based on multiple relays. As shown in Fig. 3, the OP was first simulated against the transmit power. According to the D2D communication standard [12], the maximum transmit power is 0.5 W. Simulation results for the three models, compared to inter-clustering I and conventional clustering networks, show that the proposed inter-clustering II produces the lowest OP. Thus, inter-clustering II has better OP performance because it has a lower information transmission error rate, supported by good link channel conditions. In the intercluster II model, the source transmits information directly to the cluster head selected as the best relay, minimizing link transmission errors.
In short, the first model provides the source with many opportunities to choose the best cluster head with a high signal- to-noise ratio and improves the success rate of sending data to the destination. However, in the inter-clustering I model, the source delivers information to the best relay, which then forwards it to a predetermined cluster head, allowing channel conditions, particularly the resulting SNR value, to fall below the threshold, resulting in an outage condition. Similarly, in conventional systems, where the source sends information to numerous adjacent relays to be relayed to the cluster head, the chance of outage conditions is greater because the SNR value is not estimated beforehand, as in the inter-clustering model utilizing the relay selection technique. The OP obtained by the three clustering network models shows that the OP decreases as the transmission power increases. In contrast, the proposed inter-clustering II model has the smallest or best OP. For each conventional D2D clustering network, when the maximum transmit power is 0.5, as in the proposed models I and II, the outage probabilities are 1.7×10−5, 1.5×10−5, and 1.2×10−5, respectively.
Then, given the transmission distance, an OP simulation was run, and the simulation results are presented in Fig. 4. According to [29], the maximum link distance for D2D is 200 m. The simulation findings reveal that as the distance between the D2D links increases, the probability of an outage increases. This is because the signal quality decreases as the distance increases or the SNR value decreases, resulting in an increase in link outage conditions. However, the proposed inter-clustering I and conventional systems have higher OP values than the proposed inter-clustering II system.
Throughput is the data transfer speed over network transmission media, with a peak data rate of 450 Mbps for LTE-A mobile devices [28]. Computer simulations were conducted to determine the throughput for the three D2D clustering network models using Eq. (13), considering the transmission power and link distance. Figure 5 shows the throughput simulation results for the power transmission in each D2D clustering model. In general, the simulation results show that throughput increases as the signal power increases because the signal quality improves, and the transmission error rate and outage conditions are small. The proposed inter-clustering model I had a better throughput than the other two D2D clustering network models. With a transmit power of 0.25 W, the throughputs of the proposed inter-clustering models I and II and the standard network model are 449.92, 449.98, and 449.90 Mbps, respectively. Based on the results of this simulation, the proposed inter-clustering cooperative D2D model II provides the highest throughput compared with the proposed inter-clustering model I and conventional clustering networks. The proposed inter-clustering model II can achieve 99.86% of the maximum data rate of 450 Mbps in terms of throughput.
The results of throughput against distance were also simulated, as shown in Fig. 6. The simulation results show that as the channel condition worsens, the longer the link distance, the lower the throughput, and as a result, the higher the transmission error rate. The proposed D2D inter-clustering models I and II and the conventional models achieved data throughputs of 449.915, 449.93, and 449.905 Mbps, respectively, over a transmission link distance of 200 m.
Energy efficiency was calculated by comparing the energy consumption of the proposed inter-clustering cooperative D2D models I and II to the energy consumption of the conventional multirelay-based D2D clustering system as a reference. As a result, computer simulations are run by computing the energy consumption in Eqs. (14), (19), and (21), respectively. Subsequently, Eqs. (22) and (23) simulate the energy efficiency for proposed models I and II, respectively. Finally, Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate the energy efficiency simulation results for proposed inter-clustering models I and II.
Figure 7 depicts the energy efficiency of the proposed interclustering cooperative D2D models I and II, with an average energy efficiencies of 36.5% and 54.2%, respectively, compared with the conventional model. Although the improved transmit power improved energy efficiency, it was not significant in either of the proposed models. However, the proposed inter-clustering cooperative D2D model II is more energy-efficient than the proposed D2D cooperative clustering model I. The network model affects the system’s energy consumption because transmitting information from the relay to the destination is not forwarded by all relay nodes, but by the best relay node selected before the information is forwarded to the destination. It is generally believed that the greater the distance between the source and destination, the more energy is consumed, and vice versa.
Figure 8 depicts the simulation results of energy efficiency vs. distance for the two proposed models. The distance is expressed as a ratio, indicating that the longer the transmission distance, the higher is the energy consumption of both models. However, inter-clustering model II is more energyefficient than inter-clustering model I because the source selects the optimal relay as the CH in forwarding information to the destination, thereby reducing the energy consumption in the network. However, inter-clustering model I requires more energy because the source transmits data to several neighboring relays to determine which relay is the best information forwarder to the CH. According to simulation results, the inter-clustering model II can save 10% energy compared to the inter-clustering model I at a distance ratio of 0.5. Inter-clustering Model II is the most energy-efficient and provides the highest throughput performance. Therefore, this model is well-suited for use in 5G overlay D2D and cellular communication systems.
We proposed two inter-clustering models using the proactive relay selection method in cooperative D2D networks and presented their corresponding algorithms. We then conducted a computer simulation to evaluate the OP performance, throughput, and energy efficiency of each proposed cooperative inter-cluster D2D model. Simulation results demonstrated that inter-clustering model II was supported by good link channel conditions and showed a low information transmission error rate. As a result, inter-clustering model II produced the lowest OP and highest throughput compared with inter-clustering model I and conventional clustering networks. Furthermore, inter-clustering model II was found to be more energy-efficient than inter-clustering model I because the source selects the optimal relay as the cluster head in forwarding information to the destination, thereby reducing energy consumption. Overall, inter-clustering model II improved OP performance by approximately 20%, increased throughput by 80 Kbps, and save 10% more energy compared with inter-clustering model I. These results demonstrate that interclustering model II is well suited for 5G overlay D2D and cellular communication systems.
This work is a continuation part of the fundamental research scheme supported by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education Indonesia in 2020.
Sagun Subedi and Sang Il Lee*
Journal of information and communication convergence engineering 2024; 22(1): 1-6 https://doi.org/10.56977/jicce.2024.22.1.1Hosen, A.S.M. Sanwar;Kim, Seung-Hae;Cho, Gi-Hwan;
The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation Engineering 2012; 10(3): 276-283 https://doi.org/10.6109/jicce.2012.10.3.276Moon Kim*
The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation Engineering 2016; 14(3): 137-146 https://doi.org/10.6109/jicce.2016.14.3.137